For 3pl object: ditu , dituzu , ditu , ditugu , dituzue , dituzte . Every Basque verb has three main non-finite forms:
| Form | Suffix | Example ( ikusi ) | Use | |------|--------|------------------|-----| | Participle (perfect) | -i (or -tu , -n , -si ) | ikusi | Perfect tenses, past participle | | Gerund (imperfect) | -tzen | ikusten | Progressive, habitual | | Future participle | -ko/-go | ikusiko | Future, prospective | verbos en euskera
The initial marks 3rd person object (absolutive). The -t, -zu, -Ø, -gu, -zue, -te mark subject (ergative). For 3pl object: ditu , dituzu , ditu
| Verb (infinitive) | Meaning | |------------------|---------| | izan | to be | | ** | to have (possession) | | ** | to go | | etorri | to come | | ibili | to walk, to be active | | ** | to say | | ** | to know (fact) | | ** | to know (a person/place) | | ** | to bring | | eraman | to carry | | ** | to stay / remain | | ** | to lie (down) | | ** | to get up | | ** | to listen / hear | | ** | to see | | ** | to think / reflect | This makes Basque verbs more complex than those
Notice: The auxiliary changes entirely depending on the combination of subject and object. The present tense of edun (for 3sg object) is:
| Person | Basque | English | |--------|--------|---------| | Ni | nindoan | I went | | Zu | zindoazen | you went | | Hura | zihoan | s/he went | | Gu | gindoazen | we went | | Zuek | zindoazten | you (pl) went | | Haiek | zihoazen | they went |
Euskera is a language isolate (not related to Indo-European, Uralic, or any other known family). Its verb system is polypersonal —the verb agrees not only with the subject but also with the direct object and indirect object. This makes Basque verbs more complex than those in Romance or Germanic languages, but highly systematic. 2. Main Verb Classes Basque verbs fall into two major categories: 2.1 Synthetic (or synthetic-conjugated) verbs Only about 15–20 verbs have a full synthetic conjugation (present and past tenses inflected for person and number). These are high-frequency verbs: